Ruby – Sapphire – Emerald, The Big 3 (Online)

Introduction to The Big 3 Gemstones The importance of ruby, sapphire & emerald in global gemstone trade Overview of coloured gemstone gemology Precious vs semi-precious classification in modern trade How gemologists study and identify gemstones

Formation, Sources & Mining Geological formation of corundum and beryl Major mining sources: Kashmir, Burma (Myanmar), Sri Lanka, Colombia, Zambia & Madagascar Occurrence types and mining environments How origin influences colour, rarity, and value

Mineralogy & Gemstone Classification Chemical composition and crystal systems Ruby vs sapphire varieties in corundum family Emerald varieties in beryl family Trade terminology used in gemstone markets

Physical & Optical Properties Hardness, refractive index, specific gravity, and pleochroism Colour causes in ruby, sapphire & emerald Durability and wearability in jewellery Using properties for gemstone identification

Inclusions & Internal Features Characteristic inclusions in ruby (silk, fingerprints, crystals) Sapphire internal growth patterns & zoning Emerald Jardin and growth structures Practical 10× loupe observation training

Treatments & Enhancements Heat treatment in ruby & sapphire Fracture filling and oiling in emerald Diffusion, glass filling and composite stones Identification clues and disclosure standards

Synthetic & Simulant Identification Natural vs synthetic ruby, sapphire & emerald Flame fusion, flux and hydrothermal synthetics Common simulants and look-alikes in jewellery trade Quick separation techniques for retailers & buyers

Cutting, Shapes & Quality Factors Cutting styles for coloured gemstones Impact of cut on colour and brilliance Quality grading factors (colour, clarity, cut, origin) Durability considerations in jewellery setting